Category: Chemistry

Sample Program – Chemistry Stage 6 Syllabus Module 8.6.5  Sample Program — Chemistry Stage 6 Syllabus: Module 8.4 – Water . (30 indicative hours) . 6.5.1  Contextual Outline from Syllabus . ‘The first astronauts who viewed the Earth from space commented on the beauty of our water-rich blue planet. Earth’s position in the solar system enables its retention of water in solid, liquid and gaseous forms on and around its surface. The particular properties of the water molecule assisted the evolution of life and continue to support life processes. ‘The concepts of bonding and intermolecular forces are used to increase understanding of the special nature of the water molecule. The chemistry of solutions is examined in greater detail to explain the differences between bodies of fresh and saline water as well as assisting in the explanation of common chemical reactions that occur in an aqueous medium.’ 6.5.2  Concept Map . Precipitation . Molarity . Equilibrium introduced . . Solutions . . . . Water . Lewis diagrams . . . . . Structure Energy . . . Physical properties Specific heat . . Shape Endothermic and exothermic reactions . . . Importance to Life . . Polar Nature ....

Гидробиология, водная экология, смежные науки – новое. Фундаментальные и прикладные вопросы – инновации, новые концепции и факты. Список публикаций авторов разных стран (примеры). Авторы разных стран.Гидробиология.водная экология.смежные науки.новое.Фундаментальные и прикладные вопросы.инновации.новые концепции и факты.docx Water quality of effluent-dominated ecosystems: ecotoxicological, hydrological, and management considerations. Bryan W. Brooks, Timothy M. Riley & Ritchie D. Taylor; Hydrobiologia (2006) 556: 365–379; http://www.scribd.com/doc/50340173/USA-fulltext Ana María Gagneten; Effects of Contamination by Heavy Metals and Eutrophication on Zooplankton, and Their Possible Effects on the Trophic Webs of Freshwater Aquatic Ecosystems. in: Eutrophication: causes, consequences and control; 2011, 211-223, DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9625-8_10; Chatzinikolaou, Y.; Lazaridou, M. (2007). Identification of the self-purification stretches of the Pinios River, Central Greece Medit. Mar. Sci. 8(2): 19-32; Impact of dam construction on water quality and water self-purification capacity of the Lancang River, China. GL Wei, ZF Yang, BS Cui, B Li, H Chen, J. Bai ; S. Dong; Water resources management, 2009, vol. 23, no 9, pp. 1763-1780; http://www.scribd.com/doc/50341643/China-Abstr; M.B. Yagci, S. Bolca, J.P.A. Heuts, W. Ming, G. de With. Self-stratifying antimicrobial polyurethane coatings. – Progress in Organic Coatings. 2011. In press; doi:10.1016/j.porgcoat.2011.04.021. M.B. Yagci a, S. Bolca b, J.P.A. Heuts c, W. Ming a, G. de With a, a Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; b Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium; c Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; J. Sánchez-Martín, J. Beltrán-Heredia, P. Gibello-Pérez. Adsorbent biopolymers from tannin extracts for water treatment. – Chemical Engineering Journal, 168 (2011) 1241–1247. journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cej; Department of Chemical Engineering and Physical Chemistry, University of Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas, s/n, 06071, Badajoz, Spain; http://b23.ru/nfh1; http://www.scribd.com/doc/56982071/ The page in Internet was viewed June 5, 2011; Sánchez-Martín J., Beltrán-Heredia J., Dávila-Acedo M. A. Optimum Coagulant from Acacia mearnsii de Wild for Wastewater Treatment // Chemical Engineering & Technology. 2011; Article first published online: 3 NOV 2011; DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201100330; University of Extremadura, Department of Chemical Engineering and Physical Chemistry, Badajoz, Spain; [Email: J. Sánchez-Martín (jsanmar@unex.es)]; http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ceat.201100330/abstract; Douglas H. Erwin, and Sarah Tweedt .  Ecological drivers of the Ediacaran-Cambrian diversification of Metazoa. — Evolutionary Ecology. 2011 [Abstract: Organismal modifications to their physical and chemical environment play a significant role in structuring many modern ecosystems, …] DOI: 10.1007/s10682-011-9505-7; http://www.springerlink.com/content/68744t228x044112/; published online 13 July 2011; Hernandez, I., Fernandez-Engo, M.A., Perez-Llorens, J.L., Vergara, J.J.  Integrated outdoor culture...

1.0 Abstract The conduction of this experiment is based on a few targets, namely to carry out saponification reaction between Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH and Ethyl Acetate, Et(AC), to determine the effect of residence time to the reaction’s extent of conversion and lastly to evaluate the reaction rate constant of this particular saponification reaction. To achieve these targets, an experiment is finely designed so much so that these targets can be finely met. Such experiment involves using a unit called SOLTEQ-QVF Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (Model: BP 143), commonly known as CSTR, as well as some common laboratory apparatus for titration process. To put it simply, the two solutions Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH and Ethyl Acetate, Et(Ac) were reacted in the CSTR and the product is then analyse by the method of titration to determine how well did the reaction go. Hence, the experiment was conducted and the results shows that the amount of conversion of Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH increases almost linearly with the increasing of residence time. Further details can be obtained in the results and discussion sections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 Introduction In the majority of industrial chemical processes, the reactor is the key equipment in which raw materials undergo desired change to form desired products. The design and operation of chemical reactors is essential to the whole success of an industrial process. Reactors can take various form depending on the nature of the feed materials and the products. Understanding the behaviour of reactors is necessary to properly control and handle a raction system. Basically, there are two groups of reactors, batch reactors and continuous flow reactors. The unit used in this experiment, which is SOLTEQ-QVF Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (Model: BP 143), With this unit, a saponification reaction was conducted by using ethyl acetate and sodium hydroxide among others. . 3.0 Aims/Objectives The main purposes of conducting this experiment are : • to carry out saponification reaction between Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH and Ethyl Acetate, Et(AC) by using a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor, CSTR • to determine the effect of residence time to the reaction’s extent of conversion . • to evaluate the reaction rate constant . . 4.0 Theory 4.1 – Reaction Rate The reaction rate or rate of reaction for a reactant or product in a particular reaction is defined as how fast or...