Category: Biology

Introduction . Diabetes is a chronic, debilitating and costly disease with severe complications like blindness, heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, and lower limb amputations. It is a condition in which the pancreas no longer produces enough insulin or cells stop responding to the insulin that is produced, so that glucose in the blood cannot be absorbed into the cells of the body. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas to control blood sugar. When someone has the Type-1 diabetes, their bodies do not produce any or do not produce enough of the hormone called insulin to use the energy stored in food. Those with Type-2 or acquired diabetes cannot effectively use the insulin they produce. The causes of diabetes mellitus are unclear; however, there seem to be both hereditary (genetic factors passed on in families) and environmental factors involved. Research has shown that some people who develop diabetes have common genetic markers. In Type I diabetes, the immune system, the body’s defense system against infection, is believed to be triggered by a virus or another microorganism that destroys cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. In Type II diabetes, age, obesity, and family history of diabetes play a role. Patient Y got Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Type 2 diabetes mellitus usually called Non–Insulin–dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) unlike patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus; patients with type 2 are not absolutely dependent on insulin for life. Adult or maturity- onset diabetes for it usually occurs after age 30yr, but can occur in children. Type II DM consists of an array of dysfunctions characterized by hyperglycemia and resulting from the combination of resistance to insulin action, inadequate insulin secretion, and excessive or inappropriate glucagon secretion. For type 2 diabetes mellitus to occur, both insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion must exist. For example,...

I. INTRODUCTION. Compression injuries are often caused by falls or jumps in which the person lands directly on the head, sacrum, or feet. The force of impact fractures the vertebrae and the fragments compress the cord. Disk and bone fragments may be propelled into the spinal cord on impact. The lumbar and the lower thoracic vertebrae are the most commonly injured regions after a compression impact when the person lands on the feet. If the person lands on the head, the injury is to the cervical spine. About 50% of these injuries result in incomplete lesions. Incomplete lesions occur when some of the spinal tracts remain intact. Injury to the spinal cord can range in severity from mild flexion-extension “whiplash” injuries to complete transaction of the cord with permanent quadriplegia. Trauma to the cord can occur at any level but most commonly occurs in the cervical and lower thoracic-upper lumbar vertebrae. These common cord injuries are due in part to the support given by the ribs to the thoracic spine and the flexibility of the cervical and lumbar spinal segments. Trauma is the most common cause of SCI. Each year about 10,000 people sustain such injury. Most victims are males between the ages of 16 ND 30 years; only 9% of injuries occur in people over the age of 60. Traumatic SCI is most often caused by automobile or motorcycle accidents, gunshots or knife wounds, falls, and sports mishaps. More than half of all SCIs involve the cervical spine, and the rest occur in the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spinal segments. The feeling of immortality often experienced by adolescents and young adults contributes strongly to their risk of SCI. Young people may believe they can engage in dangerous behavior without being injured. The use of alcohol and illicit drugs can...